San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán is an ancient Olmec site located in the state of Veracruz, Mexico. It is considered one of the earliest and most significant urban centers of the Mesoamerican region, dating back to the Middle Preclassic period, around 1200-900 BCE.
History and Context
- Foundational Period: The site was initially settled around 1500 BCE, but it reached its peak between 1200-900 BCE when it became a major center for the Olmec culture. This period saw the construction of monumental architecture and the creation of colossal heads, which are iconic of the Olmec art.
- Urban Layout: San Lorenzo was characterized by a complex urban layout with residential areas, ceremonial plazas, and public works like drainage systems. It is notable for its planned grid pattern, which suggests a sophisticated understanding of urban planning.
- Art and Architecture: The site is famous for its colossal heads, altars, and other sculptures. These works are considered some of the earliest monumental art in Mesoamerica. The colossal heads, weighing several tons, are thought to represent Olmec rulers or leaders.
- Decline: By around 900 BCE, San Lorenzo began to decline, possibly due to environmental changes or political upheaval. The site was largely abandoned by 600 BCE, but its cultural influence persisted, shaping later Mesoamerican cultures like the Maya and Aztec.
Archaeological Discoveries
- Colossal Heads: Over 10 colossal heads have been found at San Lorenzo, each unique in its features, suggesting they might represent different individuals or deities.
- Stone Carvings: Numerous stone carvings, including stelae, altars, and thrones, have been discovered, providing insights into Olmec religion and iconography.
- Ceramics: The ceramics found at San Lorenzo show advanced techniques for the time, with distinctive shapes and designs.
- Public Works: The site features what might be one of the earliest examples of public works, including an extensive drainage system, which indicates a high level of social organization.
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